Aircraft Terms - Welcome to the glossary of aviation terms. Like any niche or industry, aviation is full of confusing and bewildering terms. Of course, aviation is rich with technology that is not used anywhere else and therefore unknown to most people.
Our goal is to cover and explain as many terms as possible, as clearly as possible. This is a work in progress as new terms emerge as new technologies or methods are introduced. If you think there are any terms that haven't been covered yet, please leave a comment at the bottom of this page. We will research and provide information as soon as possible.
Aircraft Terms
ADF or Automatic Direction Finder is a navigation instrument used in navy and aviation. The instrument consists of a needle mounted above a compass rose. Its use must be tuned to terrestrial radio stations that transmit in LW, normally 190 - 535 kHz. These can be AM stations or directional NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons). Pilots can then fly towards the lighthouse or use heading to determine their relative position.
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The plane's ailerons are located on the outer edge of the main wings. Your objective is to control the aircraft's rotation to the left or to the right. On most aircraft, the ailerons are used to turn left or right by rolling the aircraft in the desired direction. For example, banking the aircraft to the left will induce a turn in that direction. The balance and smoothness of the turn can be controlled with the rudder and elevators. The ailerons act as a moving part of the rear of the wings and are connected to each other and to the pilot's control column. As one aileron rises, the other on the wing drops. A down aileron will have a similar effect to a wing flap, creating extra lift, which causes the wing to lift. On the opposite wing, the upward movement of the aileron has the opposite effect, reducing lift, causing the wing to sink downwards. This then produces the desired roll effect and turns in the direction the pilot wants. They can be controlled by turning the control column or joystick from side to side.
In this position, the pilot moved the control column to the right. The right aileron goes up and thus reduces the lift of the right wing. At the same time, the left aileron drops and increases lift on the left wing. This rolls to the right, causing the aircraft to turn to the right.
On larger aircraft, you may notice the tailpipe of a smaller engine, usually in the tail cone of the aircraft. This engine, a fraction of the size of the main engines, is called an APU, or auxiliary power unit.
The APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) exhaust system is located at the rear of the Airbus A380.
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The purpose of the APU is to supply power to the aircraft's systems, such as lighting, air conditioning and some flight controls, while the aircraft is parked in the terminal. During the flight, of course, generators installed on the main engines ensure the supply of energy. Most major airports have ground connections to provide power to avoid operating APUs and thus reduce noise and pollution.
On twin-engine aircraft, the APU acts as a backup power source during flight if both engines fail. This is so that pilots can still control the flight surfaces to allow the aircraft to be controlled using the electrical current provided by the APU. These APUs must meet strict standards, such as being able to boot in freezing temperatures at 41,000 feet. If a twin-engine aircraft like the Boeing 787 has an inoperable APU. the ETOPS certificate will be revoked and you will have to take a longer route over water, but no more than 60 minutes from the nearest available airport.
The cockpit or flight deck of an aircraft naturally plays a central role in controlling the aircraft. The layout of the control panel can vary by aircraft manufacturer, but overall it consists of mostly the same instruments. The digital age and glass cockpits have caused many standard analog instruments to change to now appear on computer screens, as shown in the example below, which is a Boeing 737. Some of the features can be seen below by clicking on the hot spots. .
The aircraft's elevators are located on the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizers, which in turn are located on the embrasure. The purpose of the elevators is to control the aircraft's pitch. The pilot controls the elevators
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In this image, the pilot pulled back on the control column, causing the elevator to rise. This reduces the lift generated by the horizontal stabilizers, causing the tail of the aircraft to sink. This increases the angle of attack of the main wings, causing the aircraft to lift.
Pulling or pushing the control column or joystick forward or backward. Like flaps and ailerons, elevators work by creating more lift when in the down position, or less lift when in the up position.
By increasing lift, i.e. in addition to descending lifts, they cause the rear or cavity of the aircraft to rise. This reduces the main wings' angle of attack, causing the aircraft to descend. By reducing lift with the elevators, the tail of the aircraft drops and, as a result, the angle of attack of the main wings causes the plane to climb.
The empennage is the part of the aircraft most often located at the rear of the fuselage. This section includes the tail or vertical stabilizer, including the rudder, and the horizontal stabilizers, including the elevators. The empennage therefore included the flight surfaces that control the aircraft's up and down movement, as well as yaw or lateral movement. Some aircraft, such as the Boeing 727, DC-10 or L1011, may have engines present in this area.
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ETOPS, humorously referred to as "Engines Turn or Passengers Swim", is the rule governing twin-engine single-engine aircraft flying more than 60 minutes from the nearest available airport. The decision mainly applies to routes over water, but in reality it can also apply to extensive remote areas.
ETOPS affected aircraft such as the Airbus A300, A310, A320, A330 and A350, Boeing 737, 757, 767, 777, 787, Embraer E-Jets and ATR 72. As engine technology advances and becomes more reliable, the ETOPS restriction has been eased.
ETOPS restrictions are applied on a graduated basis, where aircraft types are given a higher ETOPS rating as their service history demonstrates their reliability. For example, the first tier is 60 minutes, which means that an aircraft cannot fly more than 60 minutes (with one engine) from the nearest available airport. As time goes on and the aircraft proves to be reliable this can be increased to ETOPS90, ETOPS120 and so on.
The advent of ETOPS-certified twin-cylinder aircraft with more reliable engines marked the end of planes such as the A340, which had four engines to avoid ETOPS decisions.
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Airplane wings are designed so that the plane can fly at the highest possible speed so that it can lift off with minimal drag. However, when the aircraft is about to land or has just taken off, it flies much slower than the ideal cruising speed. This means that the wing may not be able to provide enough lift and the aircraft is prone to stalling.
In order for planes to fly safely at lower speeds, most are equipped with flaps. Wings can enter
These fully extended wings indicate that the aircraft is in the final stages of landing. Flaps effectively widen the wing, resulting in more lift and allowing the aircraft to fly slower.
They come in a variety of shapes, but in simple terms, they attach to the back of the wings, usually inside the aircraft or closer to the fuselage. The flap function can be slid back and down or simply slid down in various degrees, as per the pilot's choice. As a result, the curvature, which is the curve of the top of the wing, increases. This results in more lift and more drag. The extra lift ensures that the aircraft can safely fly slower. You may have noticed that near landing the engine power increases to compensate for the extra drag caused by the wings.
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The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft. In most cases, it is the cigar-shaped piece to which the wings are attached and on which the
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